Unicorns are well established members of the picture book bestiary, but where did they come from and how long are they staying?
The unicorn, it seems, has origins in all sorts of places, from Chinese mythology to early Christian folklore, as well as sources being found in India and Persia.
The Hindu epic, Mahabharata tells of a human bodied unicorn called "Gazelle Horn" which has to be lured from the forest by the King's beautiful daughter in order to guarantee rainfall over the kingdom.
The Chinese unicorn, Ch'i-Lin, also lives alone in the forest. It's body gives off light and it has a voice like a monastery bell. Ch'i-Lin is the very meaning of benevolence and wisdom and is so allusive that it is only seen when the kingdom is ruled virtuously.
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| Unicorn Cake! |
Unicorns were a special fascination in the West during medieval Christian times. Still depicted with a fiery wild nature, they were also imbued with a loving spiritual benevolence. They were imagined in art as a metaphor for Christ.
This medieval unicorn, also aloof, rare and solitary, could only be coaxed from the forest by a virgin, where it willingly allowed itself to be captured. This 'capture' is interpreted as as the Spirit's willingness to be incarnated through the body of the Virgin Mary.
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| Virgin and Unicorn 1602 - Domenichino (1581 -1641) |
So the general idea of the unicorn is that it of a wild, solitary creature, capable of great strength and speed and a creature that cannot be simply captured alive, unless by lure or trickery or it's own willing desire to be united as Spirit with matter. Most importantly, it has magical powers and is distinguished by a single horn in the centre of the forehead.
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| The Unicorn in Captivity - Tapestry 1495 - 1505 Brussels |
Pulling our search for unicorns back from the mythological a little, is Elasmotherium sibiricum, otherwise known as the Siberian unicorn. Elasmotherium went extinct an estimated 39,000 years ago. Related to the five surviving species of rhino we know today, only twice as big (weighing 3.5 tonnes and standing 2.5 metres high) in Elasmotherium's day, there were as many as 250 different species of this ancient rhino.
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| Elasmotherium sibiricum |
What's fascinating about this animal is that it went into extinction around the same time that Neanderthals went extinct, meaning that they would have been sharing Eurasia with both modern humans and Neanderthals. Clearly though, it wasn't all rainbows and sparkles for Elasmotherium, so where does our modern unicorn come from?
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| danaisabellaa |
Throughout the medieval period and long after, the unicorn and especially the horn, was thought to hold magical powers. In the 16th and 17th Century, trade in unicorn horn powder was thought to hold the ability to detect poison or purify contaminated water as well as healing wounds and illness. The horns were not unicorn horns of course but the tusks of narwhal or elephant. Nevertheless, this trade in 'magical' horn gave the unicorn a commercial value as well as mythical and perpetuated the unicorn's reputation for being rare and elusive - a creature you would know about but never saw and would certainly never capture.
Gradually however, the belief in the unicorn horns magical abilities to heal began to be met with scepticism, as did the belief in it's actual existence, and so the enthusiasm for the mythical creature waned and the golden age of the unicorn for this period came to an end.
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| The Narwhal's tusk used as evidence for the existence of the unicorn |
It wasn't until the rediscovery of the Lady and the Unicorn tapestries in the late 19th Century that a new spark of interest developed for the unicorn.
The Lady and the Unicorn tapestries were a series of six woven hangings, created in the style of mille-fleurs ("thousand flowers") made in Flanders from wool and silk. The tapestries are now considered one of the greatest works of the middle ages in Europe. Each of the six tapestries includes a noble lady depicted with a unicorn on her right and a lion to her left, and have been attributed as the inspiration for the French Symbolist painter, Gustave Moreau, in his canvas 'The Unicorns'.
Later still, during the 1950's, Jean Cocteau designed a ballet inspired by the tapestries, and so the unicorns presence came to the surface of popular consciousness once more.
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| The Lady and the Unicorn Tapestries - Musee de Cluny - Paris |
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| The Unicorns - Gustave Moreau 1885 |
Racing forward to the modern era, the unicorn also made it's mark for the LGBTQ community with it's fusion of the rainbow flag (created by American artist Gilbert Baker) and becoming a joyous symbol of diversity and acceptance and appearing on T-shirts, flags and banners at pride events around the world.
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| Starbucks Unicorn Frappuccino |
Unicorns get a real boost from the popularity of 'My Little Pony' in the 90's but it's not until later that the mythical beast begins to make a real significant cultural comeback.
Fuelled by social media and the arrival of the Unicorn Frappuccino from Starbucks in 2016, unicorn fever takes off exponentially a year later with My Little Pony; The Movie, voiced by Zoe Saldana, Emily Blunt and Kristin Chenoweth, becoming a huge hit at the cinema box office and propelling all sorts of unicorn merchandise into the mainstream market.
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| My Little Pony - The Movie |
Instagram feeds become flooded with the new, vibrant, glitter effused, pastel coloured sparkling unicorn colours that we are familiar with today - a magical universe away from our worn out friend from the past, Elasmotherium.
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| Vibrantandpure |
From unicorn toast and unicorn beauty products (complete with with make-up tutorials on youtube) to unicorn inflatables, unicorn cakes, unicorn eyelashes, unicorn nails, unicorn slippers, unicorn onesies and of course...unicorn picture books!
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| A selection of unicorn picture books from Dad Suggests |
So celebrate National Unicorn Day on 9th April with a sprinkle of glitter and a slice of unicorn cake!
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Garry Parsons is an illustrator of children's picture books including The Who's Whonicorn of Unicorns and Daisy and the Trouble with Unicorns, both written by Kes Gray and published by Puffin.
And to confirm that the trend for unicorns is here to stay (at least for a little while longer), The Who's Whonicorn of Unicorns 2nicorn is coming to a bookseller near you, soonicorn!
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2 comments:
Well, I never knew nearly all of that! Fascinating! Thank you, Garry.
WOW!
Especially the Elasti...
I remember a nursery rhyme about a lion and an unicorn.
And so cool about the Nethandrals and their unicorn connection.
The Starbucks - the lady on the logo looks almost unicorn-ish.
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